Smart Biosensor and Real-Time Health Monitoring

Abstract

This study explores the potential of biosensors integrated with biofilms for the real-time monitoring of various physiological and environmental parameters, emphasizing their applications in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature and experimental integration approaches, such as encapsulation, adsorption, and bio-hybrid systems, this study investigates techniques such as photoplethysmography for detecting peripheral circulation changes and immunoassay biosensors, including ELISA, for bacterial activity detection. The findings revealed that biofilm-based biosensors enable accurate real-time monitoring of parameters such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, and microbial processes, demonstrating high sensitivity and selectivity. However, they have limitations owing to diffusion, solubility, and toxicity issues. The study concluded that smart biofilm-integrated biosensors have significant potential for enhancing disease detection, improving treatment outcomes, supporting drug delivery, and mitigating antimicrobial resistance; however, further research is required to optimize sensor performance, data integration, and detection range.